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- 假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)功能,如(ru)構成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)形(xing)骨架,劃分(fen)和組(zu)織(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian),布(bu)置庭院、駁岸、護坡、擋土,設(she)置自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式花臺。還可以(yi)與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建 筑、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路(lu)、場地(di)和園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物(wu)組(zu)合成富(fu)于(yu)(yu)變(bian)(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)致(zhi),借以(yi)減少(shao)人(ren)(ren)工氣氛,增(zeng)添自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)生(sheng)趣(qu),使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建筑融(rong)匯到山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因此(ci),假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成為(wei)表現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特征(zheng) 之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是一(yi)(yi)種自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追求(qiu)天(tian)然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)趣(qu)是中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特征(zheng)。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)掇(duo)石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列(lie)為(wei)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)要素(su)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這(zhe)就要求(qiu)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者充分(fen)利用(yong)空(kong)間(jian)造(zao)(zao)出咫(zhi)尺(chi)(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面,水(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)媚(mei);山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者,天(tian)地(di)之(zhi)(zhi)骨也。因而(er),造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必(bi)須有山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)成園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)選址于(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)佳境,外借自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)建在(zai)村鎮人(ren)(ren)口密集(ji)之(zhi)(zhi)處,無(wu)(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)可借 ,只得掇(duo)石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而(er),私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)不(bu)(bu)太大的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)范圍(wei)內,再現自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)美(mei),有不(bu)(bu)落人(ren)(ren)工斧鑿痕跡(ji),達到“雖由(you)人(ren)(ren)作(zuo),宛自(zi)(zi)(zi)天(tian)開”,在(zai)咫(zhi)尺(chi)(chi)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),創造(zao)(zao)出 “多方(fang)勝景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),咫(zhi)尺(chi)(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是構成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大要素(su)之(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi),五大要素(su)(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),建筑造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),花木造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),動物(wu)造(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。正如(ru)計(ji)成所 說:“余七分(fen)之(zhi)(zhi)地(di),為(wei)壘(lei)土者四,高卑(bei)無(wu)(wu)論,栽竹相宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi))。 正是這(zhe)些特性,才表達出園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)(wu)窮(qiong)魅力。作(zuo)為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨特一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)(yang)有著它(ta)獨特的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞價值(zhi)。從我國現存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到私(si)(si)家園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)(wu)一(yi)(yi)例外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,石質假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和土質假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑,以(yi)它(ta)特有的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式 表達出來。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據(ju)著重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位(wei)。它(ta)造(zao)(zao)形(xing)多樣(yang)(yang),易(yi)于(yu)(yu)和周圍(wei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)協調統一(yi)(yi),同時它(ta)靈(ling)活,巧于(yu)(yu)變(bian)(bian)化,豐富(fu)了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀,增(zeng)加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間(jian)和層次感。假(jia)(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直接影響著全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀。假(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑與(yu)風景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系是值(zhi)得每(mei)個(ge)設(she)計(ji)者和造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家耗(hao)費精力、氣力去追求(qiu)、探(tan)討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題。
- 假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具(ju)有(you)(you)(you)多方(fang)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)景功(gong)能,如構成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主景或地形骨架,劃分(fen)(fen)和(he)(he)組織園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間(jian),布置庭院、駁岸、護(hu)坡、擋土,設置自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式花臺。還可以(yi)與園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian) 筑(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植物組合成(cheng)(cheng)富(fu)于變(bian)化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景致(zhi),借(jie)以(yi)減(jian)少人工氣氛(fen),增(zeng)添自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)生趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)融匯到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水環境(jing)中(zhong)。因此,假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)表(biao)現(xian)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征 之(zhi)一(yi)。 中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是一(yi)種自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追求(qiu)天然(ran)之(zhi)趣是中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)(te)征。在(zai)(zai)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)掇(duo)石(shi)(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列(lie)為(wei)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)要(yao)(yao)素(su)。由于私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性(xing),這(zhe)就要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充(chong)分(fen)(fen)利用空間(jian)造(zao)(zao)出咫尺(chi)(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境(jing)。 水以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面,水得(de)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而(er)(er)媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地之(zhi)骨也。因而(er)(er),造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須有(you)(you)(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)選(xuan)址于自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水佳境(jing),外(wai)借(jie)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)景;私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)建(jian)在(zai)(zai)村鎮(zhen)人口(kou)密集之(zhi)處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水可借(jie) ,只得(de)掇(duo)石(shi)(shi)疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而(er)(er),私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間(jian)范(fan)圍內(nei),再(zai)現(xian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水之(zhi)美,有(you)(you)(you)不(bu)落(luo)人工斧鑿痕跡,達(da)到(dao)“雖(sui)由人作,宛自(zi)(zi)(zi)天開”,在(zai)(zai)咫尺(chi)(chi)之(zhi)地,創造(zao)(zao)出 “多方(fang)勝景,咫尺(chi)(chi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景是構成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)國(guo)(guo)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素(su)之(zhi)一(yi),五大(da)要(yao)(yao)素(su)(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)景,理水造(zao)(zao)景,建(jian)筑(zhu)造(zao)(zao)景,花木(mu)造(zao)(zao)景,動物造(zao)(zao)景)。正如計成(cheng)(cheng)所 說:“余七分(fen)(fen)之(zhi)地,為(wei)壘土者(zhe)四,高(gao)卑無(wu)論,栽竹相(xiang)宜(yi)”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi))。 正是這(zhe)些特(te)(te)性(xing),才(cai)表(biao)達(da)出園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮(qiong)魅力。作為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)獨特(te)(te)一(yi)景 ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景,與水景一(yi)樣有(you)(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)它獨特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞(shang)價(jia)值(zhi)。從我(wo)國(guo)(guo)現(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)例外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有(you)(you)(you)假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)筑(zhu),石(shi)(shi)質假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)土質假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)筑(zhu),以(yi)它特(te)(te)有(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式 表(biao)達(da)出來。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)占據著(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。它造(zao)(zao)形多樣,易于和(he)(he)周(zhou)圍景物協(xie)調統一(yi),同時它靈活,巧于變(bian)化,豐(feng)富(fu)了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀,增(zeng)加了園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空間(jian)和(he)(he)層(ceng)次感。假(jia)(jia)(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞(huai)直接(jie)影響著(zhu)(zhu)全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景觀。假(jia)(jia)(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)(dui)(dui)筑(zhu)與風景園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關(guan)系(xi)是值(zhi)得(de)每(mei)個設計者(zhe)和(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)(jia)耗(hao)費精力、氣力去追求(qiu)、探討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題(ti)。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)多方(fang)面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)功能(neng),如構成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)或地(di)形骨架,劃分和(he)(he)組織(zhi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間,布置(zhi)庭院、駁岸、護(hu)坡(po)、擋(dang)土(tu)(tu),設置(zhi)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式花臺。還可以(yi)與(yu)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建 筑(zhu)(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)路、場地(di)和(he)(he)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)植(zhi)物組合(he)成(cheng)(cheng)富(fu)于(yu)(yu)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借以(yi)減(jian)少人工氣(qi)氛(fen),增(zeng)添(tian)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)生趣,使(shi)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)建筑(zhu)(zhu)融匯到(dao)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)環境中(zhong)(zhong)。因(yin)(yin)此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)表(biao)現(xian)中(zhong)(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)征 之一(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)天(tian)(tian)然(ran)之趣是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)征。在(zai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列(lie)為(wei)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第(di)一(yi)(yi)要(yao)素。由于(yu)(yu)私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局(ju)限(xian)性,這(zhe)就要(yao)求(qiu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充分利(li)用空(kong)間造(zao)(zao)(zao)出咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)以(yi)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面(mian),水(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而媚;山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天(tian)(tian)地(di)之骨也。因(yin)(yin)而,造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)必須有(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以(yi)成(cheng)(cheng)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)然(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)選址于(yu)(yu)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)佳(jia)境,外(wai)借自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)成(cheng)(cheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing);私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)建在(zai)村鎮人口密集(ji)之處,無(wu)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)可借 ,只得掇石疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因(yin)(yin)而,私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)在(zai)不太大(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間范圍(wei)內(nei),再現(xian)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)之美,有(you)不落人工斧鑿痕跡,達(da)到(dao)“雖由人作,宛自(zi)(zi)天(tian)(tian)開”,在(zai)咫尺之地(di),創造(zao)(zao)(zao)出 “多方(fang)勝(sheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing),咫尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)藝(yi)術(shu)。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)構成(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大(da)要(yao)素之一(yi)(yi),五大(da)要(yao)素(疊山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),建筑(zhu)(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),花木造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing),動物造(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)如計成(cheng)(cheng)所 說:“余七分之地(di),為(wei)壘土(tu)(tu)者(zhe)四,高卑無(wu)論(lun),栽竹相宜(yi)”(《園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)冶》卷一(yi)(yi))。 正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些特(te)性,才表(biao)達(da)出園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無(wu)窮魅力。作為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)獨特(te)一(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing),與(yu)水(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)有(you)著它獨特(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)賞價值。從我(wo)國現(xian)存的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)到(dao)私家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin),無(wu)一(yi)(yi)例外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),石質假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和(he)(he)土(tu)(tu)質假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆筑(zhu)(zhu),以(yi)它特(te)有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式 表(biao)達(da)出來。在(zai)自(zi)(zi)然(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)占據著重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)位。它造(zao)(zao)(zao)形多樣(yang),易于(yu)(yu)和(he)(he)周(zhou)圍(wei)景(jing)(jing)(jing)物協調統一(yi)(yi),同(tong)時它靈(ling)活,巧于(yu)(yu)變(bian)化(hua),豐富(fu)了(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan),增(zeng)加了(le)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)空(kong)間和(he)(he)層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好壞直接影響著全園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)觀(guan)。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆筑(zhu)(zhu)與(yu)風(feng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)(shi)(shi)值得每個設計者(zhe)和(he)(he)造(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)(jia)耗費精力、氣(qi)力去追(zhui)(zhui)求(qiu)、探討(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課題(ti)。
- 假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)具有(you)(you)多(duo)(duo)方面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)功(gong)能,如(ru)構成園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)或(huo)地形(xing)骨(gu)架,劃分和組織園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)空(kong)間(jian),布置庭院、駁岸、護坡、擋(dang)土(tu),設(she)置自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式花臺。還可以與園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)建(jian) 筑(zhu)、園(yuan)(yuan)路、場(chang)地和園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)植物(wu)組合成富(fu)于變化的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)致,借以減少人工氣氛,增添(tian)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)生(sheng)趣,使園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)建(jian)筑(zhu)融匯到山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)環境中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。因此,假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)成為(wei)表(biao)現中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)(te)征 之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)種自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin),追求(qiu)天然(ran)(ran)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)趣是(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本特(te)(te)征。在(zai)(zai)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)掇石(shi)疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)被列為(wei)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)第一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)要素。由于私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)空(kong)間(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)局限性,這(zhe)就要求(qiu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)者(zhe)充分利(li)用空(kong)間(jian)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出咫(zhi)尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意境。 水(shui)(shui)以山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)為(wei)面,水(shui)(shui)得山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)而媚(mei);山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)者(zhe),天地之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)骨(gu)也。因而,造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)必須有(you)(you)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan),無山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)難以成園(yuan)(yuan)。自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)往(wang)往(wang)選(xuan)址于自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)佳境,外借自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)成景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing);私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)往(wang)往(wang)建(jian)在(zai)(zai)村鎮(zhen)人口(kou)密集之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)處,無山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)可借 ,只得掇石(shi)疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)。因而,私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)往(wang)往(wang)在(zai)(zai)不(bu)太大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空(kong)間(jian)范圍內,再現自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)水(shui)(shui)之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)美(mei),有(you)(you)不(bu)落人工斧鑿痕跡(ji),達到“雖由人作,宛自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)天開(kai)”,在(zai)(zai)咫(zhi)尺之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,創造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)出 “多(duo)(duo)方勝(sheng)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),咫(zhi)尺山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)林(lin)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)藝術。故山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)是(shi)(shi)(shi)構成中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)國園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)五大(da)(da)要素之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),五大(da)(da)要素(疊(die)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),理水(shui)(shui)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),建(jian)筑(zhu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),花木造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),動(dong)物(wu)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing))。正(zheng)如(ru)計成所 說:“余(yu)七分之(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)地,為(wei)壘(lei)土(tu)者(zhe)四,高卑無論,栽竹相宜”(《園(yuan)(yuan)冶(ye)》卷一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi))。 正(zheng)是(shi)(shi)(shi)這(zhe)些特(te)(te)性,才表(biao)達出園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)無窮魅力(li)。作為(wei)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)獨特(te)(te)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing) ——山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing),與水(shui)(shui)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣有(you)(you)著(zhu)(zhu)它(ta)(ta)獨特(te)(te)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀賞(shang)價值。從我國現存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)皇家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)到私(si)家(jia)(jia)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin),無一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)例外的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)都有(you)(you)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu),石(shi)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)和土(tu)質(zhi)假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)堆(dui)筑(zhu),以它(ta)(ta)特(te)(te)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)美(mei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方式 表(biao)達出來(lai)。在(zai)(zai)自(zi)(zi)(zi)(zi)然(ran)(ran)式園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)占據著(zhu)(zhu)重(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)地位。它(ta)(ta)造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)形(xing)多(duo)(duo)樣,易于和周圍景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)物(wu)協(xie)調統一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi),同(tong)時它(ta)(ta)靈活,巧于變化,豐富(fu)了園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀,增加了園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)空(kong)間(jian)和層次感。假(jia) 山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)好(hao)壞直接影響著(zhu)(zhu)全(quan)園(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)觀。假(jia)山(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)(shan)堆(dui)筑(zhu)與風景(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)園(yuan)(yuan)林(lin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)(shi)(shi)值得每個設(she)計者(zhe)和造(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)(zao)園(yuan)(yuan)家(jia)(jia)耗費(fei)精力(li)、氣力(li)去追求(qiu)、探(tan)討的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)課(ke)題。